Content
Atomic Structure
There are three states of matter: solid, liquid and gas. The state of matter is determined by the motion of atoms in relation to one another and have distinct properties.
Solids: In solids, there is only vibration and rotation in the atomic structure of the object. Solid objects are rigid, have definite shape, does not flow easily, and are, on average, not easily compressible.
Liquids: In liquids, the atoms in the object are held together, but can change bonds to flow. Liquid objects fill containers and can change shape, easily flow, and the atoms flow past, vibrate, and slide past each other.
Gases: In gases, the atoms do not share bonds and take up large amounts of space. Gaseous objects flow easily, are compressible, and assume the shape and volume of containers in which they are stored.
Heat and Heat Transfer
Heat is the amount of energy in an object and is not to be used interchangeably with the word temperature, which is how hot something is or is not. Absolute zero is the complete absence of heat and is measured at 0 Kelvin. Heat always moves from high to low heat, and cold is only the absence of heat. The unit for heat is the Calorie, or the amount of energy it takes to heat up one gram of water by one degree Celsius. The equation for calculating heat is Q=mCΔT.
Heat is transferred through three means: radiation, conduction, and convection. Radiation is the transfer of heat through particles, waves, rays, etc... Convection is the transfer of heat through liquids, and conduction is the transfer of heat through a solid.
The Laws of Thermodynamics
0th Law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in equilibrium with each other.
If A=B and B=C, then A=C.
1st Law: Conservation of Energy- Energy is neither created nor destroyed, and heat is a form of energy.
2nd Law: Entropy Increases- Disorder increases over time; eventually, everything becomes the same temperature.
3rd Law: Temperature can never reach absolute zero. Heat always exists.
Solar Angles
Vertical light is the brightest and most concentrated form of light and is therefore transferring more light and heat per unit of area. It is at a 90 degree angle to the object it is being observed by. Slanted light is the dimmest light because it is the most spread out form of light, therefore the least amount of light and heat is being transferred per unit of area. It is at a 30 degree or less angle to the object it is being observed by.
Seasons are dependent on the angle of the Earth relative to the sun. The hemisphere that is tilted toward the sun gets more vertical light than the others and experiences summer heat. When the hemisphere is tilted away from the sun, it gets more slanted light than the other hemispheres and therefor experiences winter. Latitudes near the equator always get vertical light, whereas latitudes farther from the equator always get slanted light. This is why the poles are colder than areas near the equator.
Generation of Electricity and Justification
The link for the chart below explains the different ways electricity is generated, how it is generated that way, and pros and cons of the type of generation of electricity.
tinyurl.com/k7wlyra
There are three states of matter: solid, liquid and gas. The state of matter is determined by the motion of atoms in relation to one another and have distinct properties.
Solids: In solids, there is only vibration and rotation in the atomic structure of the object. Solid objects are rigid, have definite shape, does not flow easily, and are, on average, not easily compressible.
Liquids: In liquids, the atoms in the object are held together, but can change bonds to flow. Liquid objects fill containers and can change shape, easily flow, and the atoms flow past, vibrate, and slide past each other.
Gases: In gases, the atoms do not share bonds and take up large amounts of space. Gaseous objects flow easily, are compressible, and assume the shape and volume of containers in which they are stored.
Heat and Heat Transfer
Heat is the amount of energy in an object and is not to be used interchangeably with the word temperature, which is how hot something is or is not. Absolute zero is the complete absence of heat and is measured at 0 Kelvin. Heat always moves from high to low heat, and cold is only the absence of heat. The unit for heat is the Calorie, or the amount of energy it takes to heat up one gram of water by one degree Celsius. The equation for calculating heat is Q=mCΔT.
Heat is transferred through three means: radiation, conduction, and convection. Radiation is the transfer of heat through particles, waves, rays, etc... Convection is the transfer of heat through liquids, and conduction is the transfer of heat through a solid.
The Laws of Thermodynamics
0th Law: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in equilibrium with each other.
If A=B and B=C, then A=C.
1st Law: Conservation of Energy- Energy is neither created nor destroyed, and heat is a form of energy.
2nd Law: Entropy Increases- Disorder increases over time; eventually, everything becomes the same temperature.
3rd Law: Temperature can never reach absolute zero. Heat always exists.
Solar Angles
Vertical light is the brightest and most concentrated form of light and is therefore transferring more light and heat per unit of area. It is at a 90 degree angle to the object it is being observed by. Slanted light is the dimmest light because it is the most spread out form of light, therefore the least amount of light and heat is being transferred per unit of area. It is at a 30 degree or less angle to the object it is being observed by.
Seasons are dependent on the angle of the Earth relative to the sun. The hemisphere that is tilted toward the sun gets more vertical light than the others and experiences summer heat. When the hemisphere is tilted away from the sun, it gets more slanted light than the other hemispheres and therefor experiences winter. Latitudes near the equator always get vertical light, whereas latitudes farther from the equator always get slanted light. This is why the poles are colder than areas near the equator.
Generation of Electricity and Justification
The link for the chart below explains the different ways electricity is generated, how it is generated that way, and pros and cons of the type of generation of electricity.
tinyurl.com/k7wlyra